Through the soles of our feet we experienced the transition from gravel
drive onto leafy duff. Conversation faded as we entered the forest on a faint
path and then formed a circle in a natural foyer surrounded by slender
saplings. Fourteen women stood quietly while I pulled the book Swan, by Mary Oliver, out of my satchel.
Above us, maple leaves glowed against a gray sky still lingering after a midnight
rain.
My finger found the bookmark I’d placed earlier, the pages opened wide, and
I began to read the poem aloud. “What can I say?...The song you heard singing
in the leaf when you were a child is singing still...” As the last poem concluded,
a gust sent a crescendo through the canopy.
We closed our eyes and inhaled deeply, feeling the goodness of air as it
filled our lungs. As cool sensation rushed in, we imagined all the previous
lives that the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen molecules had made possible.
Returning our breath to the world, we sent our carbon back out into the forest
to fuel new life. Giving. Receiving. Giving. Receiving. The breeze swirled all
of our exhalations together and carried them off through the trees.
More than just simple air flowed into our lungs, though. All around us,
nature was giving off an array of chemicals. These phytoncides include a
bouquet of volatile organic compounds released by plants. Their main purpose—from
the plant’s perspective—is to prevent it from being eaten, infected, or decomposed.
Appropriately, the word phytoncide means “exterminated by the plant.” These
toxins are categorized as secondary metabolites, or chemicals that aren’t
essential for normal growth and reproduction, but which often help the plant
survive in other ways. The strong smells and health benefits of onion and garlic
are derived at least in part from phytoncides. While all plants have some, tea
tree, oak, cedar, locust, and pines are known for having high levels of these
helpful compounds.
In order for the plant to prevent damage to its tissues from too high a
concentration of its own toxins, it has to have a way to excrete the excess and
maintain balance. Some may escape to the air when pores open to let in carbon
dioxide. Others may leach out and flow away with rainwater. Still more are
released as the forest duff decomposes. However it happens, these phytoncides
become part of the forest at large, and we breathe them in.
It’s a wonderful gift. Not only do the antibacterial and antifungal
properties of phytoncides help plants fight disease, they also stimulate our
human bodies to increase the number and activity of cancer- and virus-fighting
white blood cells (also called natural killer cells), and to decrease the
concentration of stress hormones.
That breathing deeply in a forest is good for you comes as no surprise
to most people. Anyone lucky enough to live near the woods and smart enough to take time to enjoy them feels the benefits.
When I tell people that it has a name, though, they usually think I’m kidding.
The Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries wasn’t joking, however,
when in 1982 they coined the term “shinrin-yoku,” which translates roughly to
“forest bathing.” In a country where they have a special word for “death by
overwork,” this stress-reducing preventative medicine has become extremely
popular. On official forest bathing trails, visitors regularly submit to
measurements of blood pressure and stress hormones as researchers gather data.
Psychological research reveals that forest bathing reduces anxiety, depression,
anger, confusion, and fatigue while boosting cognition, focus, and empathy.
It’s not just the phytoncides. According to scientists, the air in
forests and near water has relatively high levels of negative ions, which are
purported to boost our mental outlook. Also, simply looking at trees is good
for us. And then there are the bacteria.
Having healthy gut bacteria is emerging as a significant factor in our
mental well-being. In another example,
inhaling the common soil bacterium–Mycobacterium
vaccae has been shown to increase serotonin levels in the brains of mice.
Not only does this “happy chemical” decrease anxiety, it also makes the mice
smarter! Mice given the bacteria
navigated a maze twice as fast as the control mice. The effects do not last
long, though, and scientists surmise that humans would need to be exposed about
once a week in order to reap the benefits of these healthy bacteria.
That’s fine with me. It was lovely to walk among the regal hemlocks of
Fairyland State Natural Area as patches of blue sky peeked in from above. We
offered words of gratitude. I saw the lines on peoples’ forehead soften.
Peaceful smiles glowed. While I read the poem “Black Swallowtail,” by Mary
Oliver, I thought about how appropriate its metaphor was to our walk. The
“interesting, but not exactly lovely” caterpillar busies itself with eating.
Only after becoming a still, quiet chrysalis with “faith and patience” is it
able to “express itself into the most beautiful thing.”
Above us, the leaves sang.
Special Note: Emily’s book, Natural
Connections: Exploring Northwoods Nature through Science and Your Senses is
here! Order your copy at http://cablemuseum.org/natural-connections-book/. Listen to the podcast at www.cablemusum.org!
For 50 years, the Cable Natural History Museum has served to
connect you to the Northwoods. Come visit us in Cable, WI! Our new exhibit:
"Better Together--Celebrating a Natural Community" is now open!
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